Adjuvant hormonal treatment
In
breast cancer, adjuvant treatment is given in addition to your primary
or initial treatment (surgery with or without radiation) to help
prevent or delay cancer cells from multiplying. Adrenal glands
Glands located above the kidneys that make hormones, such as androgens, cortisol, and aldosterone. Aldosterone
A hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Androgens
Hormones made by the adrenal glands that are turned into estrogen by the enzyme aromatase. Antiestrogen
Any
agent or drug that blocks the effects of estrogen; these medications
are used to treat breast cancers that depend on estrogen for growth. Aromatase
The enzyme that changes androgens made by the adrenal glands into estrogen. Aromatase inhibitor
Drugs
called aromatase inhibitors are a type of hormonal treatment that
reduces the action of aromatase, an enzyme needed to make the hormone
estrogen. Benign
Not cancerous. Benign tumors or cells do not grow into surrounding tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Biopsy
Removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope in order to check for cancer cells. Chemotherapy
See cytotoxic chemotherapy. Clinical trial
A medical study that tests the safety and effectiveness of a drug or treatment in people. Cytotoxic chemotherapy
Treatment with drugs that attack and kill cancer cells and rapidly growing normal cells. DCIS
See ductal carcinoma in situ. Diameter
The length of a straight line passing through the center of a figure, especially a circle or sphere. Duct
Tube through which body fluids pass. Ductal carcinoma in situ.
Stage
0 breast cancer. Cancer cells are present in the lining of lobules or
ducts, but have not spread to the surrounding fatty tissue or nearby
lymph nodes. Enzymes
Proteins that are produced in cells and that affect chemical reactions. Estradiol
A
common form of estrogen in women. At menopause, the ovaries stop
producing estradiol, and levels are therefore very low in
postmenopausal women. Estrogen
A female hormone; one of the hormones that can help some breast cancer tumors grow. Estrone
The most common form of estrogen in postmenopausal women. Estrone is stored in fatty tissues. Gland
A group of cells specialized to make and release chemicals, such as hormones, that are used by other cells in the body. Hormonal treatment
In
breast cancer treatment, hormonal treatment is the use of drugs to
reduce the production of hormones or to lower the amount of the body’s
natural hormones, which can affect cancer cell growth. Hormone receptor
A specific molecule of a cell that recognizes and binds with specific hormone molecules. Hormone receptor-negative
In
breast cancer, this means the tumor cells do not have hormone receptors
(see hormone receptor, above) and therefore do not depend on hormones
to grow. Hormone receptor-positive
In
breast cancer, this means the tumor cells have hormone receptors (see
hormone receptor, above) and therefore depend on hormones to grow. Hormone receptor-unknown
Breast cancer in which it is unknown whether the tumor cells depend on certain hormones to grow. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Drug therapy that supplies estrogen (with or without progestin) to women in order to help reduce menopausal symptoms. Hormones
Substances produced by organs or cells in the body that affect bodily processes. Invasive cancer
Cancer that spreads outside the tissue where it initially developed and grows into nearby, healthy tissues. LHRH (luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone) agonists
A class of hormonal agents that affect the production of certain hormones. Lobule
A small lobe, which is a section of the breast, or subdivision of a lobe. In the breast, lobules produce milk. Locally advanced
In
breast cancer, tumors measuring 5 cm (2 inches) or more in diameter and
that may or may not have spread to nearby lymph nodes or other tissues.
Lumpectomy
Surgical removal of the breast tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. LH stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both men and women. Lymph
A clear fluid that travels through lymph vessels carrying immune-system cells and tissue waste products. Lymph nodes
Small,
pea-sized collections of tissue found near the breast under the arm,
above the collarbone, in the chest, and in many other parts of the
body. Lymph nodes filter lymph, and store immune cells such as
lymphocytes. Lymphatic system
Tissues
and organs that produce and carry white blood cells that fight
infection. The system includes a network of thin tubes that carry lymph
and white blood cells. The tubes branch into all tissues of the body. Lymphedema
A
condition in which fluid does not drain from the lymph nodes, causing
swelling. Sometimes this happens in the arm after lymph nodes have been
removed from the underarm. It can also happen after radiation therapy. Lymphocyte
A
type of white blood cell. Lymphocytes are responsible for certain types
of immunity; they also produce antibodies and other substances that
fight infection and disease. Malignant
Cancerous. Malignant tumors and cells are able to grow into surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Margin
The
tissue around the edge of the mass (tumor) removed in cancer surgery.
If the pathologist sees no cancer cells in the margin, it is called
negative or “clean.” If the pathologist finds cancer cells in the
margin, it is called positive, and it means that there might be cancer
cells left in the area of the surgery that were not removed. Mastectomy
Surgical removal of the entire breast, most of the lymph nodes under the arm, and sometimes the lining over the chest muscles. Menopause
The time in a woman’s life when the ovaries stop producing eggs and she permanently stops having menstrual periods. Node-negative
Cancer is not present in the lymph nodes. Node-positive
Cancer is present in the lymph nodes. Ovaries
Female organs of reproduction that produce hormones and eggs. Postmenopausal
The stage in a woman’s life following her final menstrual period. Progesterone
A female hormone; one of the hormones that can help some breast cancer tumors grow. Radiation
See radiation therapy Radiation therapy
In cancer treatment, use of x-rays, gamma rays, and alpha and beta particles to destroy cancer cells. Receptor
A specific molecule of a cell that recognizes and binds with other specific molecules, such as hormones. Recurrence
A
return of cancer after primary (initial) treatment, either at the same
site as the original, primary tumor or somewhere else in the body. Stage
The term used to describe the system of classification that identifies the extent of cancer within the body. Steroid hormones
Chemicals made by ovaries and adrenal glands that have a common structure, such as estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone. Tumor
An abnormal growth of tissue. Tumors can be either cancerous (malignant) or not cancerous (benign).